Florian Karsten Typefaces

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Variable Static
Weight
500
Italic
0
Mono
0
Leading
1.00
Tracking
-0.025 %
AA Aa
Ligatures Case forms Tabular figures Oldstyle figures Slashed zero SS03 (alternate set) SS04 (smooth corners) SS07 (thin punctuation) MORE
AA Aa
Size
2.20 vw
Leading
1.28
Tracking
0.000 %
O programa Voyager consiste de um par de sondas, a Voyager 1 e a Voyager 2. Elas foram lançadas em 1977 aproveitando um alinhamento planetário favorável. Apesar de terem sido oficialmente planejadas para estudar apenas Júpiter e Saturno, as duas sondas foram capazes de continuar sua missão no sistema solar exterior. Ambas alcançaram a velocidade de escape do sistema solar e nunca mais voltarão, e ambas, ainda operacionais, vêm reunindo grandes quantidades de dados sobre os gigantes gasosos do sistema solar, dos quais pouco era conhecido anteriormente. Em 13 de dezembro de 2010, depois de meses à espera da confirmação dos dados, a NASA anunciou que a Voyager 1, viajando a uma velocidade de 17 km/s, havia em junho deste ano alcançado a zona de heliopausa, tornando-se o primeiro artefato humano a chegar à fronteira do Sistema Solar. No dia 12 de Setembro de 2013 a NASA confirmou que a Voyager 1 deixou portanto o Sistema Solar. O programa Viking consistiu de um par de sondas espaciais enviadas a Marte, a Viking 1 e a Viking 2. Cada veículo era composto de duas partes principais, uma projetada para fotografar a superfície a partir de órbita, e outra para estudar o planeta na superfície. A Viking 1 foi lançada em 20 de agosto, e a Viking 2, no dia 9 de setembro de 1975, ambas através de foguetes Titan III-E com estágios superiores Centaur. Os orbitadores, baseados na Mariner 9, foram criados na forma de um octágono de aproximadamente 2,5 m de diâmetro e massa total de lançamento de 2 328 kg, dos quais 1 445 kg eram carburante e gás de controle de altitude. Os objetivos principais dos orbitadores Viking foram o transporte das sondas de superfície a Marte, a realização do reconhecimento de locais de possível pouso, a atuação como ponte de comunicação para as sondas de superfície e a realização de suas próprias investigações científicas. Os landers (veículos de solo) pesavam cerca de 650 kg, incluindo combustível e equipamentos para estudos biológicos, químicos, geológicos, meteorológicos e outros, além de enviarem mais de 57 mil fotografias da superfície marciana.
AA Aa
Size
3.75 vw
Leading
1.15
Tracking
0.000 %
After separation from the launch vehicle, overall control was taken by Mission Operations Center at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Howard County, Maryland. The science instruments are operated at Clyde Tombaugh Science Operations Center in Boulder, Colorado. Navigation is performed at various contractor facilities, whereas the navigational positional data and related celestial reference frames are provided by the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station through Headquarters NASA and JPL; KinetX is the lead on the New Horizons navigation team and is responsible for planning trajectory adjustments as the spacecraft speeds toward the outer Solar System. Coincidentally the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station was where the photographic plates were taken for the discovery of Pluto's moon Charon; and the Naval Observatory is itself not far from the Lowell Observatory where Pluto was discovered. New Horizons was originally planned as a voyage to the only unexplored planet in the Solar System. When the spacecraft was launched, Pluto was still classified as a planet, later to be reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union. Some members of the New Horizons team, including Alan Stern, disagree with the IAU definition and still describe Pluto as the ninth planet. Pluto's satellites Nix and Hydra also have a connection with the spacecraft: the first letters of their names are the initials of New Horizons. The moons' discoverers chose these names for this reason, plus Nix and Hydra's relationship to the mythological Pluto. In addition to the science equipment, there are several cultural artifacts traveling with the spacecraft. These include a collection of 434,738 names stored on a compact disc, a piece of Scaled Composites's SpaceShipOne, a "Not Yet Explored" USPS stamp, and a Flag of the United States, along with other mementos. About 30 grams (1 oz) of Clyde Tombaugh's ashes are aboard the spacecraft, to commemorate his discovery of Pluto in 1930. A Florida-state quarter coin, whose design commemorates human exploration, is included, officially as a trim weight. One of the science packages (a dust counter) is named after Venetia Burney, who, as a child, suggested the name "Pluto" after its discovery.
AA Aa
Size
1.60 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
0.010 %
Die Columbia, der erste raumflugfähige Orbiter, wurde im März 1979 an die NASA ausgeliefert. Anschließend wurde die Raumfähre ins Kennedy Space Center überführt, um dort auf ihre erste Mission vorbereitet zu werden. Im November 1980 wurde die Columbia mit dem Außentank verbunden und einen Monat später zur Startrampe gefahren. Nach mehreren Startverschiebungen fand am 12. April 1981 der Start des ersten wiederverwendbaren Raumfahrzeuges der Welt statt. Ziel des ersten Fluges war es lediglich, die Columbia sicher in die Umlaufbahn und wieder zurück zu bringen. Der Flug dauerte insgesamt etwas über zwei Tage und endete mit einer Landung auf der Edwards Air Force Base in Kalifornien. Der Erstflug gilt bis heute als technische Meisterleistung, denn es war das erste Mal in der Geschichte der Raumfahrt, dass ein Trägersystem bei seinem Jungfernflug bemannt war. Die folgenden drei Flüge, die alle mit der Raumfähre Columbia durchgeführt wurden, dienten der Erprobung aller Systeme des Shuttle. Danach wurde das System als einsatzfähig erklärt. In den darauf folgenden 21 Missionen, die bis Januar 1986 durchgeführt wurden, stand der Satellitentransport im Vordergrund. Außerdem fanden einige rein wissenschaftliche Flüge statt, bevor es zum Challenger-Unglück kam. Am 28. Januar 1986 hob die Raumfähre Challenger bei einer ungewöhnlich niedrigen Außentemperatur von 2 °C zur Mission STS-51-L ab. Die NASA hatte sich für den Start entschieden, obwohl Ingenieure des Booster-Herstellers Morton Thiokol, vor allem Roger Boisjoly, vor einem Start bei Temperaturen unter 12 °C eindringlich gewarnt hatten. Das Management von Thiokol überstimmte jedoch schließlich seine Ingenieure und gab seinem wichtigsten Kunden NASA offiziell die Startfreigabe. Wenige Sekunden nach dem Start versagte tatsächlich ein Dichtungs-O-Ring der rechten Feststoffrakete, und durch das entstandene Leck trat heißes Verbrennungsgas an einer Seite des Boosters aus. Die Flamme traf auf den Außentank und die Befestigung der Feststoffrakete, wodurch die Tankhülle zerstört wurde. Der Tank explodierte 73 Sekunden nach dem Start in 15 Kilometern Höhe, worauf das Shuttle durch die enormen aerodynamischen Kräfte zerstört wurde. Die sieben Astronauten überlebten das wahrscheinlich, starben aber spätestens beim Aufschlagen der Cockpitsektion auf die Wasseroberfläche des Atlantiks.
AA Aa
Size
2.90 vw
Leading
1.25
Tracking
-0.010 %
Rosetta was launched on 2 March 2004 from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, on an Ariane 5 rocket and reached Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 7 May 2014. It performed a series of manoeuvres to enter orbit between then and 6 August 2014, when it became the first spacecraft to orbit a comet. (Previous missions had conducted successful flybys of seven other comets.) It was one of ESA's Horizon 2000 cornerstone missions. The spacecraft consisted of the Rosetta orbiter, which featured 12 instruments, and the Philae lander, with nine additional instruments. The Rosetta mission orbited Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko for 17 months and was designed to complete the most detailed study of a comet ever attempted. The spacecraft was controlled from the European Space Operations Centre, in Darmstadt, Germany. The planning for the operation of the scientific payload, together with the data retrieval, calibration, archiving and distribution, was performed from the European Space Astronomy Centre, in Villanueva de la Cañada, near Madrid, Spain. It has been estimated that in the decade preceding 2014, some 2,000 people assisted in the mission in some capacity. In 2007, Rosetta made a Mars gravity assist (flyby) on its way to Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The spacecraft also performed two asteroid flybys. The craft completed its flyby of asteroid 2867 Šteins in September 2008 and of 21 Lutetia in July 2010. Later, on 20 January 2014, Rosetta was taken out of a 31-month hibernation mode as it approached Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Rosetta's Philae lander successfully made the first soft landing on a comet nucleus when it touched down on Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014. On 5 September 2016, ESA announced that the lander was discovered by the narrow-angle camera aboard Rosetta as the orbiter made a low, 2.7 km (1.7 mi) pass over the comet. The lander sits on its side wedged into a dark crevice of the comet, explaining the lack of electrical power to establish proper communication with the orbiter.
AA Aa
Size
8 vw
Leading
0.95
Tracking
-0.040 %
Rosetta
Voyager 2
AA Aa
Size
1.80 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
0.000 %
Een van de redenen voor het gebruik van de naam Pioneer lag in het feit dat deze vlucht bedoeld was om de weg te effenen voor zwaardere verkenners. De constructeurs wisten niet goed wat de ideale vormgeving voor zo'n sonde moest zijn, doordat er tot die tijd slechts zeer weinig bekend was over de stralingsgordels van de buitenplaneten en de intensiteit van micrometeorieten. De Pioneer 10 en 11 moesten hieromtrent duidelijkheid verschaffen. Beide sondes voerden camera's mee, maar het maken van opnames was niet het belangrijkste missiedoel. De vaartuigen beschikten over sensors die magnetische velden, geladen deeltjes en samenstelling en temperatuur van Jupiter vastlegden. De verzonden foto's waren een bijproduct van metingen door een polarimeter, ontworpen door de Nederlandse hoogleraar Tom Gehrels van de Universiteit van Arizona. Overigens zouden verreweg de meeste toekomstige plannen vroegtijdig sneuvelen op de tekentafel: door voortdurende bezuinigingen moest NASA in de jaren na Pioneer 10 keuzes maken. Hun voortdurend door uitstel en budgetoverschrijdingen geplaagde paradepaardje Space Shuttle slokte het leeuwendeel van de beschikbare fondsen op en na Voyager 1 en 2 maakte NASA noodgedwongen pas op de plaats. Voor communicatie met de vluchtleiding op Aarde beschikte de sonde over drie antennes: een hooggevoelige schotelantenne met een diepte van 46 cm en een diameter van 2,74 m en daarnaast een middelgevoelige antenne op de schotelantenne en een laaggevoelige antenne die 76 cm van het deel met de vluchtinstrumenten uitstak en onder de schotelantenne was bevestigd. Van de twee ontvangers was er een aangesloten op zowel de laag- als middelgevoelige antenne, de andere was gereserveerd voor de schotelantenne. De vluchtleiding kon deze omwisselen. Twee zenders met versterkers van 8 watt op 2292 MHz zonden gegevens naar de Aarde, inkomende signalen kwamen binnen op 2110 MHz. De bitrate bedroeg op weg naar Jupiter 2048 bps en aan het einde van de missie slechts 16 bps. Op 750 miljoen km doet een radiosignaal er zo'n 40 minuten over om deze afstand te overbruggen.
AA Aa
Size
1.60 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
-0.005 %
Yaklaşık 1969'da Pioneer ve onun kardeşi Pioneer 11 isimlerini yaşatmak için dizayn edildiler; kaşifler ilk defa ikisinden de bilgi toplama ve astroit kuşağındaki ve Jupiter'deki koşulların raporunu elde etmeyi tasarlıyordu. Pioneer 10, TRW yöntemiyle dizayn edildi. Hafifti, sadece 260 kg 30 ve 27 kg aletleri ve yakıtı sırasıyla. Voyager'lar benzeri olup radyo izotop termoelektrik jeneratörleri ile güçlendirilmiştir. Plütonyum-238 ihtiva eder, fırlatılışta 155W sağlar. RTG iyi bir şekilde vücudunun dışına monte edilmiş olup radyasyonun uzay aracı aletlerini karıştırmasını önler. Pioneer, 10 Aralık 1973'te Jüpiter ile karşılaşan ilk uzay aracı oldu. Uzay aracı daha sonra kayda değer bilimsel araştırmalar yaptı. Güneş Sistemi'nin dış bölgesinde 31 Mart 1997'de görevi bitene kadar. Kardeşi Pioneer 10 ve Pioneer 11 uzay sondaları üzerlerinde insanlığın mesajını içeren bir tabla taşımaktadır. Her iki sondadaki Jüpiter uçuşunu tasvir eden tablalar birbirinin aynıdır ancak Pioneer 11'in Satürn'e doğru yaptığı dönüş sonradan planlandığı için üzerindeki tablayı geçersiz kılmıştır. Eğer sonda sonsuz yolculuğu boyunca dünya dışı zeki varlıklarla karşılaşırsa aracın üzerindeki levha insanlık hakkında bilgi sağlamış olacak. Tabla, bir adam ve kadın tasvirinin yanı sıra Hidrojen atomunun bağ yapısını ve güneş ile dünyaya en yakın Pulsar yıldızlarını da baz alarak çizilen Güneş sistemi'nin galaksimizdeki koordinatı gösteren bir çizim içeriyor.
AA Aa
Size
6 vw
Leading
1.00
Tracking
-0.015 %
Construction began on Columbia in 1975 at Rockwell International's principal assembly facility in Palmdale, California, a suburb of Los Angeles
AA Aa
Size
1.90 vw
Leading
1.35
Tracking
0.000 %
O programa Voyager consiste de um par de sondas, a Voyager 1 e a Voyager 2. Elas foram lançadas em 1977 aproveitando um alinhamento planetário favorável. Apesar de terem sido oficialmente planejadas para estudar apenas Júpiter e Saturno, as duas sondas foram capazes de continuar sua missão no sistema solar exterior. Ambas alcançaram a velocidade de escape do sistema solar e nunca mais voltarão, e ambas, ainda operacionais, vêm reunindo grandes quantidades de dados sobre os gigantes gasosos do sistema solar, dos quais pouco era conhecido anteriormente. Em 13 de dezembro de 2010, depois de meses à espera da confirmação dos dados, a NASA anunciou que a Voyager 1, viajando a uma velocidade de 17 km/s, havia em junho deste ano alcançado a zona de heliopausa, tornando-se o primeiro artefato humano a chegar à fronteira do Sistema Solar. No dia 12 de Setembro de 2013 a NASA confirmou que a Voyager 1 deixou portanto o Sistema Solar. O programa Viking consistiu de um par de sondas espaciais enviadas a Marte, a Viking 1 e a Viking 2. Cada veículo era composto de duas partes principais, uma projetada para fotografar a superfície a partir de órbita, e outra para estudar o planeta na superfície. A Viking 1 foi lançada em 20 de agosto, e a Viking 2, no dia 9 de setembro de 1975, ambas através de foguetes Titan III-E com estágios superiores Centaur. Os orbitadores, baseados na Mariner 9, foram criados na forma de um octágono de aproximadamente 2,5 m de diâmetro e massa total de lançamento de 2 328 kg, dos quais 1 445 kg eram carburante e gás de controle de altitude. Os objetivos principais dos orbitadores Viking foram o transporte das sondas de superfície a Marte, a realização do reconhecimento de locais de possível pouso, a atuação como ponte de comunicação para as sondas de superfície e a realização de suas próprias investigações científicas. Os landers (veículos de solo) pesavam cerca de 650 kg, incluindo combustível e equipamentos para estudos biológicos, químicos, geológicos, meteorológicos e outros, além de enviarem mais de 57 mil fotografias da superfície marciana.
AA Aa
Size
1.50 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
0.000 %
Dzięki wykorzystaniu manewrów asysty grawitacyjnej podczas mijania planet, czas przelotu do Neptuna lub Plutona zostałby przy tym skrócony o około 20 lat w stosunku do lotu bezpośredniego. NASA początkowo planowała zrealizować projekt Grand Tour (Wielka Wyprawa), który przewidywał skonstruowanie czterech sond. Pierwsze dwie sondy wystrzelone w 1977 roku przeleciałyby kolejno obok Jowisza, Saturna i Plutona. Druga para sond wystrzelona w 1979 roku zbliżyłaby się do Jowisza, Urana i Neptuna. Jednak koszt takiej misji, wynoszący około miliarda dolarów, przerósł ówczesne możliwości NASA. Nie zaniechano jednak badania zewnętrznych planet. Skromniejszy program zaczęto realizować w 1972 roku. Początkowo miał on być kontynuacją programu Mariner (loty 11 i 12, określane też jako program Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977). W marcu 1977 roku nazwę zmieniono na program Voyager. Celem misji miał być Jowisz i Saturn, jednak zachowano możliwość skierowania jednej z sond do wszystkich czterech planet olbrzymów. Sondy zostały zbudowane w Jet Propulsion Laboratory w Pasadenie. Do każdej z nich został dołączony Voyager Golden Record, na którym zapisane są pozdrowienia wypowiadane w 55 językach, muzyka oraz dźwięki i obrazy przedstawiające różnorodność życia i kultury na Ziemi.
AA Aa
Size
3.60 vw
Leading
1.15
Tracking
-0.015 %
After separation from the launch vehicle, overall control was taken by Mission Operations Center at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Howard County, Maryland. The science instruments are operated at Clyde Tombaugh Science Operations Center in Boulder, Colorado. Navigation is performed at various contractor facilities, whereas the navigational positional data and related celestial reference frames are provided by the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station through Headquarters NASA and JPL; KinetX is the lead on the New Horizons navigation team and is responsible for planning trajectory adjustments as the spacecraft speeds toward the outer Solar System. Coincidentally the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station was where the photographic plates were taken for the discovery of Pluto's moon Charon; and the Naval Observatory is itself not far from the Lowell Observatory where Pluto was discovered. New Horizons was originally planned as a voyage to the only unexplored planet in the Solar System. When the spacecraft was launched, Pluto was still classified as a planet, later to be reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union. Some members of the New Horizons team, including Alan Stern, disagree with the IAU definition and still describe Pluto as the ninth planet. Pluto's satellites Nix and Hydra also have a connection with the spacecraft: the first letters of their names are the initials of New Horizons. The moons' discoverers chose these names for this reason, plus Nix and Hydra's relationship to the mythological Pluto. In addition to the science equipment, there are several cultural artifacts traveling with the spacecraft. These include a collection of 434,738 names stored on a compact disc, a piece of Scaled Composites's SpaceShipOne, a "Not Yet Explored" USPS stamp, and a Flag of the United States, along with other mementos. About 30 grams (1 oz) of Clyde Tombaugh's ashes are aboard the spacecraft, to commemorate his discovery of Pluto in 1930. A Florida-state quarter coin, whose design commemorates human exploration, is included, officially as a trim weight. One of the science packages (a dust counter) is named after Venetia Burney, who, as a child, suggested the name "Pluto" after its discovery.

FK Grotesk represents a rigid typeface with a mechanical appearance, suitable for both small text and large headlines. Subtle ink traps and sharp corners provide distinctive and eye-catching detail at large point sizes.

The first version of FK Grotesk dates back to 2014. The typeface was persistently tested in various projects since then, and in 2018 eventually released as a first-ever FK typeface. Completely redrawn in 2021, it now ranges from thin to black weight and corresponding italic, semi-mono and mono styles (also available as a three-axis variable font).

FK Grotesk supports Latin Extended-A character set (i.e. Western European, Central European and Southeastern European languages) as well as Vietnamese language and several OpenType features. For complete specs see typeface specimen.

FK Grotesk 2.0 is still available upon request. Please, get in touch.

FK Grotesk Specimen
PDF (489 KB)
  • Designer

    Květoslav Bartoš

  • Publisher

    Florian Karsten Typefaces

  • Release date

    January 2018

  • Version

    3.2.4 (April 2022)

  • Formats

    Static (OTF, TTF, WOFF, WOFF2), Variable (TTF, WOFF, WOFF2)

  • Glyphs

    972

  • OpenType features

    Standard Ligatures, Case Sensitive Forms, Fractions, Numerators, Denominators, Scientific Inferiors, Superscript, Subscript, Oldstyle Figures, Lining Figures, Proportional Figures, Tabular Figures, Slashed Zero, Stylistic Sets (SS01–SS08)

  • Language support

    Afrikaans, Albanian, Asturian, Azerbaijani, Basque, Bemba, Bosnian, Breton, Catalan, Cornish, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Fijian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Frisian, Friulian, Galician, Ganda, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Kinyarwanda, Klingon, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Makhuwa, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Sango, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Shona, Slovak, Slovenian, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Swiss German, Turkish, Uzbek, Vietnamese, Welsh, Zarma, Zulu

  • Licensing

    A basic license purchased via this website combines desktop and web license and covers installation on a given number of workstations within one organisation and allows you to self-host webfont files for a single domain with no time limitation for a given number of unique visitors per month. For more information about other licensing options, please check FAQ or get in touch.

Buy FK Grotesk

Basic desktop + web license (up to 3 CPU, single domain up to 10k visitors/month)
For more information about other licensing options please check FAQ or get in touch.

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