Florian Karsten Typefaces

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Variable Static
Weight
500
Italic
0
Mono
0
Leading
1.00
Tracking
-0.025 %
AA Aa
Ligatures Case forms Tabular figures Oldstyle figures Slashed zero SS03 (alternate set) SS04 (smooth corners) SS07 (thin punctuation) MORE
AA Aa
Size
2.20 vw
Leading
1.28
Tracking
0.000 %
Le système de contrôle d'attitude de la sonde a une défaillance en cours de mission. Les ingénieurs décident alors d'utiliser la pression des photons sur les panneaux solaires pour maintenir l'orientation de la sonde en limitant ainsi la quantité de carburant qui est nécessaire pour permettre aux propulseurs d'effectuer les corrections d'orientation nécessaires. À l'origine, Mariner 10 doit survoler Vénus et étudier son atmosphère (composition, structure, pression) et ses nuages, mais lors de la planification de sa trajectoire, les ingénieurs de la NASA se rendent compte qu'avec quelques ajustements, la sonde peut atteindre Mercure. Mariner 10 est le septième lancement réussi du programme Mariner. Le véhicule spatial vole trois fois vers Mercure sur une orbite héliocentrique rétrograde et restitue des images et des données sur la planète. Mariner 10 renvoie les toutes premières images en gros plan de Vénus et de Mercure. Les principaux objectifs scientifiques de la mission sont de mesurer les caractéristiques de l’environnement, de l’atmosphère, de la surface et du centre de la planète Mercure et de mener des recherches similaires sur Vénus. Les objectifs secondaires sont de réaliser des expériences dans le milieu interplanétaire et d'acquérir de l'expérience dans le cadre d'une mission d'assistance gravitationnelle sur deux planètes.
AA Aa
Size
3.75 vw
Leading
1.15
Tracking
0.000 %
Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft to make use of an interplanetary gravitational slingshot maneuver, using Venus to bend its flight path and bring its perihelion down to the level of Mercury's orbit. This maneuver, inspired by the orbital mechanics calculations of the Italian scientist Giuseppe Colombo, put the spacecraft into an orbit that repeatedly brought it back to Mercury. Mariner 10 used the solar radiation pressure on its solar panels and its high-gain antenna as a means of attitude control during flight, the first spacecraft to use active solar pressure control. The components on Mariner 10 can be categorized into four groups based on their common function. The solar panels, power subsystem, attitude control subsystem, and the computer kept the spacecraft operating properly during the flight. The navigational system, including the hydrazine rocket, would keep Mariner 10 on track to Venus and Mercury. Several scientific instruments would collect data at the two planets. Finally, the antennas would transmit this data to the Deep Space Network back on Earth, as well as receive commands from Mission Control. Mariner 10's various components and scientific instruments were attached to a central hub, which was roughly the shape of an octagonal prism. The hub stored the spacecraft's internal electronics. The Mariner 10 spacecraft was manufactured by Boeing. NASA set a strict limit of US$98 million for Mariner 10's total cost, which marked the first time the agency subjected a mission to an inflexible budget constraint. No overruns would be tolerated, so mission planners carefully considered cost efficiency when designing the spacecraft's instruments. Cost control was primarily accomplished by executing contract work closer to the launch date than was recommended by normal mission schedules, as reducing the length of available work time increased cost efficiency. Despite the rushed schedule, very few deadlines were missed. The mission ended up about US$1 million under budget.
AA Aa
Size
1.60 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
0.010 %
Een van de redenen voor het gebruik van de naam Pioneer lag in het feit dat deze vlucht bedoeld was om de weg te effenen voor zwaardere verkenners. De constructeurs wisten niet goed wat de ideale vormgeving voor zo'n sonde moest zijn, doordat er tot die tijd slechts zeer weinig bekend was over de stralingsgordels van de buitenplaneten en de intensiteit van micrometeorieten. De Pioneer 10 en 11 moesten hieromtrent duidelijkheid verschaffen. Beide sondes voerden camera's mee, maar het maken van opnames was niet het belangrijkste missiedoel. De vaartuigen beschikten over sensors die magnetische velden, geladen deeltjes en samenstelling en temperatuur van Jupiter vastlegden. De verzonden foto's waren een bijproduct van metingen door een polarimeter, ontworpen door de Nederlandse hoogleraar Tom Gehrels van de Universiteit van Arizona. Overigens zouden verreweg de meeste toekomstige plannen vroegtijdig sneuvelen op de tekentafel: door voortdurende bezuinigingen moest NASA in de jaren na Pioneer 10 keuzes maken. Hun voortdurend door uitstel en budgetoverschrijdingen geplaagde paradepaardje Space Shuttle slokte het leeuwendeel van de beschikbare fondsen op en na Voyager 1 en 2 maakte NASA noodgedwongen pas op de plaats. Voor communicatie met de vluchtleiding op Aarde beschikte de sonde over drie antennes: een hooggevoelige schotelantenne met een diepte van 46 cm en een diameter van 2,74 m en daarnaast een middelgevoelige antenne op de schotelantenne en een laaggevoelige antenne die 76 cm van het deel met de vluchtinstrumenten uitstak en onder de schotelantenne was bevestigd. Van de twee ontvangers was er een aangesloten op zowel de laag- als middelgevoelige antenne, de andere was gereserveerd voor de schotelantenne. De vluchtleiding kon deze omwisselen. Twee zenders met versterkers van 8 watt op 2292 MHz zonden gegevens naar de Aarde, inkomende signalen kwamen binnen op 2110 MHz. De bitrate bedroeg op weg naar Jupiter 2048 bps en aan het einde van de missie slechts 16 bps. Op 750 miljoen km doet een radiosignaal er zo'n 40 minuten over om deze afstand te overbruggen.
AA Aa
Size
2.90 vw
Leading
1.25
Tracking
-0.010 %
O objetivo é alcançar resultados de qualidade através de várias missões pequenas, usando menos recursos e menos tempo. Os objetos do programa são por conseguinte variados, explorando os planetas, suas luas e pequenos corpos como cometas e asteroides. Cada experimento individual é coordenado por um investigador principal, que desenvolve os objetivos científicos e os instrumentos necessários. O IP é responsável por assegurar que o custo, cronograma e os objetivos de desempenho sejam cumpridos. O programa procura manter um alto desempenho a baixo custo, no máximo 425 milhões de dólares. Nisto deve ser incluído o custo de toda a missão: concepção, desenvolvimento, veículos de lançamento, instrumentos e aparelhos espaciais, lançamento, operações de missão, análise de dados, educação e divulgação pública. O tempo de desenvolvimento da missão do começo ao lançamento pode ser no máximo 36 meses, lançando-se em tese uma missão a cada 12 a 24 meses. Discovery já lançou várias sondas, entre elas a NEAR Shoemaker, a Lunar Prospector, o Mars Pathfinder, a Deep Impact, a Stardust (sonda espacial) e a Genesis (sonda espacial). Ainda estão em andamento as missões Messenger, Dawn e Kepler. O Mars Pathfinder, mais tarde rebatizado como Carl Sagan Memorial Station, foi lançado no dia 4 de dezembro de 1996, apenas um mês após o lançamento do Mars Global Surveyor. A bordo do lander (aterrissador) seguia um pequeno rover (veículo explorador) chamado Sojourner, que executou muitas experiências na superfície marciana. Foi o segundo projeto do Programa Discovery. Esta missão foi a mais importante desde o programa Viking, e também a primeira missão bem-sucedida a enviar um rover a outro planeta. Para além dos objetivos científicos, a missão Mars Pathfinder foi também um teste para várias novas tecnologias, tais como o airbag para pouso e o contorno automatizado de obstáculos, ambos mais tarde aproveitados pelo Mars Exploration Rover.
AA Aa
Size
8 vw
Leading
0.95
Tracking
-0.040 %
Rosetta
Voyager 2
AA Aa
Size
1.80 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
0.000 %
After separation from the launch vehicle, overall control was taken by Mission Operations Center at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Howard County, Maryland. The science instruments are operated at Clyde Tombaugh Science Operations Center in Boulder, Colorado. Navigation is performed at various contractor facilities, whereas the navigational positional data and related celestial reference frames are provided by the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station through Headquarters NASA and JPL; KinetX is the lead on the New Horizons navigation team and is responsible for planning trajectory adjustments as the spacecraft speeds toward the outer Solar System. Coincidentally the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station was where the photographic plates were taken for the discovery of Pluto's moon Charon; and the Naval Observatory is itself not far from the Lowell Observatory where Pluto was discovered. New Horizons was originally planned as a voyage to the only unexplored planet in the Solar System. When the spacecraft was launched, Pluto was still classified as a planet, later to be reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union. Some members of the New Horizons team, including Alan Stern, disagree with the IAU definition and still describe Pluto as the ninth planet. Pluto's satellites Nix and Hydra also have a connection with the spacecraft: the first letters of their names are the initials of New Horizons. The moons' discoverers chose these names for this reason, plus Nix and Hydra's relationship to the mythological Pluto. In addition to the science equipment, there are several cultural artifacts traveling with the spacecraft. These include a collection of 434,738 names stored on a compact disc, a piece of Scaled Composites's SpaceShipOne, a "Not Yet Explored" USPS stamp, and a Flag of the United States, along with other mementos. About 30 grams (1 oz) of Clyde Tombaugh's ashes are aboard the spacecraft, to commemorate his discovery of Pluto in 1930. A Florida-state quarter coin, whose design commemorates human exploration, is included, officially as a trim weight. One of the science packages (a dust counter) is named after Venetia Burney, who, as a child, suggested the name "Pluto" after its discovery.
AA Aa
Size
1.60 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
-0.005 %
Sonda odstartovala 3. listopadu 1973 z Cape Canaveral na Floridě směrem k Venuši. Během prvního týdne letu Mariner 10 ověřil funkci své kamery získáním 5 snímků Země a 6 snímků Měsíce. Byly tak získány fotografie severní polární oblasti Měsíce, kde bylo dřívější zmapování velmi skromné. Kartografové tak mohli zaktualizovat měsíční mapy a zlepšilo se tak zmapování Měsíce. První korekce dráhy proběhla 13. listopadu 1973. Při jejím průběhu ztratila sonda orientaci. Čidlo zajišťující správnou orientaci se zaměřilo místo na hvězdu Canopus na světlo, které vycházelo z trysek motoru. Program řídící let automaticky znovu orientační hvězdu nalezl, ale tento problém se zaměřením se opakoval po celou misi. Palubní počítač se také občas restartoval, což vždy přenastavilo palubní hodiny a subsystémy sondy. Během části letu k Venuši nastaly také pravidelné problémy s vysokovýkonnou anténou. V lednu 1974 provedl Mariner 10 pozorování komety Kohoutek v ultrafialovém spektru. Další úprava dráhy proběhla 21. ledna 1974. Při průletu kolem Venuše sonda fotografovala v ultrafialovém spektru oblaka Venuše (vyslala 2400 snímků) a provedla další zkoumání atmosféry a potom zamířila k Merkuru. První přiblížení k této planetě nastalo 29. března 1974 ve 20:47 UT na vzdálenost 703 kilometrů. Po obletu sondy kolem Slunce (Merkur za tuto dobu dokončil dva oběhy) se sonda 21. října 1974 znovu přiblížila k planetě a to na vzdálenost 48 069 km. Třetí a poslední přiblížení k Merkuru nastalo 16. března 1975 na vzdálenost 327 km.
AA Aa
Size
6 vw
Leading
1.00
Tracking
-0.015 %
Construction began on Columbia in 1975 at Rockwell International's principal assembly facility in Palmdale, California, a suburb of Los Angeles
AA Aa
Size
1.90 vw
Leading
1.35
Tracking
0.000 %
Le système de contrôle d'attitude de la sonde a une défaillance en cours de mission. Les ingénieurs décident alors d'utiliser la pression des photons sur les panneaux solaires pour maintenir l'orientation de la sonde en limitant ainsi la quantité de carburant qui est nécessaire pour permettre aux propulseurs d'effectuer les corrections d'orientation nécessaires. À l'origine, Mariner 10 doit survoler Vénus et étudier son atmosphère (composition, structure, pression) et ses nuages, mais lors de la planification de sa trajectoire, les ingénieurs de la NASA se rendent compte qu'avec quelques ajustements, la sonde peut atteindre Mercure. Mariner 10 est le septième lancement réussi du programme Mariner. Le véhicule spatial vole trois fois vers Mercure sur une orbite héliocentrique rétrograde et restitue des images et des données sur la planète. Mariner 10 renvoie les toutes premières images en gros plan de Vénus et de Mercure. Les principaux objectifs scientifiques de la mission sont de mesurer les caractéristiques de l’environnement, de l’atmosphère, de la surface et du centre de la planète Mercure et de mener des recherches similaires sur Vénus. Les objectifs secondaires sont de réaliser des expériences dans le milieu interplanétaire et d'acquérir de l'expérience dans le cadre d'une mission d'assistance gravitationnelle sur deux planètes.
AA Aa
Size
1.50 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
0.000 %
Yaklaşık 1969'da Pioneer ve onun kardeşi Pioneer 11 isimlerini yaşatmak için dizayn edildiler; kaşifler ilk defa ikisinden de bilgi toplama ve astroit kuşağındaki ve Jupiter'deki koşulların raporunu elde etmeyi tasarlıyordu. Pioneer 10, TRW yöntemiyle dizayn edildi. Hafifti, sadece 260 kg 30 ve 27 kg aletleri ve yakıtı sırasıyla. Voyager'lar benzeri olup radyo izotop termoelektrik jeneratörleri ile güçlendirilmiştir. Plütonyum-238 ihtiva eder, fırlatılışta 155W sağlar. RTG iyi bir şekilde vücudunun dışına monte edilmiş olup radyasyonun uzay aracı aletlerini karıştırmasını önler. Pioneer, 10 Aralık 1973'te Jüpiter ile karşılaşan ilk uzay aracı oldu. Uzay aracı daha sonra kayda değer bilimsel araştırmalar yaptı. Güneş Sistemi'nin dış bölgesinde 31 Mart 1997'de görevi bitene kadar. Kardeşi Pioneer 10 ve Pioneer 11 uzay sondaları üzerlerinde insanlığın mesajını içeren bir tabla taşımaktadır. Her iki sondadaki Jüpiter uçuşunu tasvir eden tablalar birbirinin aynıdır ancak Pioneer 11'in Satürn'e doğru yaptığı dönüş sonradan planlandığı için üzerindeki tablayı geçersiz kılmıştır. Eğer sonda sonsuz yolculuğu boyunca dünya dışı zeki varlıklarla karşılaşırsa aracın üzerindeki levha insanlık hakkında bilgi sağlamış olacak. Tabla, bir adam ve kadın tasvirinin yanı sıra Hidrojen atomunun bağ yapısını ve güneş ile dünyaya en yakın Pulsar yıldızlarını da baz alarak çizilen Güneş sistemi'nin galaksimizdeki koordinatı gösteren bir çizim içeriyor.
AA Aa
Size
3.60 vw
Leading
1.15
Tracking
-0.015 %
Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft to make use of an interplanetary gravitational slingshot maneuver, using Venus to bend its flight path and bring its perihelion down to the level of Mercury's orbit. This maneuver, inspired by the orbital mechanics calculations of the Italian scientist Giuseppe Colombo, put the spacecraft into an orbit that repeatedly brought it back to Mercury. Mariner 10 used the solar radiation pressure on its solar panels and its high-gain antenna as a means of attitude control during flight, the first spacecraft to use active solar pressure control. The components on Mariner 10 can be categorized into four groups based on their common function. The solar panels, power subsystem, attitude control subsystem, and the computer kept the spacecraft operating properly during the flight. The navigational system, including the hydrazine rocket, would keep Mariner 10 on track to Venus and Mercury. Several scientific instruments would collect data at the two planets. Finally, the antennas would transmit this data to the Deep Space Network back on Earth, as well as receive commands from Mission Control. Mariner 10's various components and scientific instruments were attached to a central hub, which was roughly the shape of an octagonal prism. The hub stored the spacecraft's internal electronics. The Mariner 10 spacecraft was manufactured by Boeing. NASA set a strict limit of US$98 million for Mariner 10's total cost, which marked the first time the agency subjected a mission to an inflexible budget constraint. No overruns would be tolerated, so mission planners carefully considered cost efficiency when designing the spacecraft's instruments. Cost control was primarily accomplished by executing contract work closer to the launch date than was recommended by normal mission schedules, as reducing the length of available work time increased cost efficiency. Despite the rushed schedule, very few deadlines were missed. The mission ended up about US$1 million under budget.

FK Grotesk represents a rigid typeface with a mechanical appearance, suitable for both small text and large headlines. Subtle ink traps and sharp corners provide distinctive and eye-catching detail at large point sizes.

The first version of FK Grotesk dates back to 2014. The typeface was persistently tested in various projects since then, and in 2018 eventually released as a first-ever FK typeface. Completely redrawn in 2021, it now ranges from thin to black weight and corresponding italic, semi-mono and mono styles (also available as a three-axis variable font).

FK Grotesk supports Latin Extended-A character set (i.e. Western European, Central European and Southeastern European languages) as well as Vietnamese language and several OpenType features. For complete specs see typeface specimen.

FK Grotesk 2.0 is still available upon request. Please, get in touch.

FK Grotesk Specimen
PDF (489 KB)
  • Designer

    Květoslav Bartoš

  • Publisher

    Florian Karsten Typefaces

  • Release date

    January 2018

  • Version

    3.2.4 (April 2022)

  • Formats

    Static (OTF, TTF, WOFF, WOFF2), Variable (TTF, WOFF, WOFF2)

  • Glyphs

    972

  • OpenType features

    Standard Ligatures, Case Sensitive Forms, Fractions, Numerators, Denominators, Scientific Inferiors, Superscript, Subscript, Oldstyle Figures, Lining Figures, Proportional Figures, Tabular Figures, Slashed Zero, Stylistic Sets (SS01–SS08)

  • Language support

    Afrikaans, Albanian, Asturian, Azerbaijani, Basque, Bemba, Bosnian, Breton, Catalan, Cornish, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Fijian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Frisian, Friulian, Galician, Ganda, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Kinyarwanda, Klingon, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Makhuwa, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Sango, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Shona, Slovak, Slovenian, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Swiss German, Turkish, Uzbek, Vietnamese, Welsh, Zarma, Zulu

  • Licensing

    A basic license purchased via this website combines desktop and web license and covers installation on a given number of workstations within one organisation and allows you to self-host webfont files for a single domain with no time limitation for a given number of unique visitors per month. For more information about other licensing options, please check FAQ or get in touch.

Buy FK Grotesk

Basic desktop + web license (up to 3 CPU, single domain up to 10k visitors/month)
For more information about other licensing options please check FAQ or get in touch.

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