Florian Karsten Typefaces

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Variable Static
Weight
500
Italic
0
Mono
0
Leading
1.00
Tracking
-0.025 %
AA Aa
Ligatures Case forms Tabular figures Oldstyle figures Slashed zero SS03 (alternate set) SS04 (smooth corners) SS07 (thin punctuation) MORE
AA Aa
Size
2.20 vw
Leading
1.28
Tracking
0.000 %
Columbia was named after the American sloop Columbia Rediviva which, from 1787 to 1793, under the command of Captain Robert Gray, explored the US Pacific Northwest and became the first American vessel to circumnavigate the globe. It is also named after the command module of Apollo 11, the first crewed landing on another celestial body. Columbia was also the female symbol of the United States. After construction, the orbiter arrived at Kennedy Space Center on March 25, 1979, to prepare for its first launch. Columbia was originally scheduled to lift off in late 1979, however the launch date was delayed by problems with both the RS-25 engine, as well as the thermal protection system. The first flight of Columbia was commanded by John Young, a veteran from the Gemini and Apollo programs who was the ninth person to walk on the Moon in 1972, and piloted by Robert Crippen, a rookie astronaut originally selected to fly on the military's Manned Orbital Laboratory spacecraft, but transferred to NASA after its cancellation, and served as a support crew member for the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz missions. Columbia spent 610 days in the Orbiter Processing Facility, another 35 days in the Vehicle Assembly Building, and 105 days on Pad 39A before finally lifting off. It was successfully launched on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of the first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and returned on April 14, 1981, after orbiting the Earth 36 times, landing on the dry lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base in California. It then undertook three further research missions to test its technical characteristics and performance. Its first operational mission, with a four-man crew, launched on November 11, 1982. At this point Columbia was joined by Challenger, which flew the next three shuttle missions, while Columbia underwent modifications for the first Spacelab mission. In 1983, Columbia, under the command of John Young on what was his sixth spaceflight, undertook its second operational mission, in which the Spacelab science laboratory and a six-person crew was carried, including the first non-American astronaut on a space shuttle, Ulf Merbold. After the flight, it spent 18 months at the Rockwell Palmdale facility beginning in January 1984, undergoing modifications that removed the Orbiter Flight Test hardware and updating it to similar specifications as those of its sister orbiters.
AA Aa
Size
3.75 vw
Leading
1.15
Tracking
0.000 %
Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft to make use of an interplanetary gravitational slingshot maneuver, using Venus to bend its flight path and bring its perihelion down to the level of Mercury's orbit. This maneuver, inspired by the orbital mechanics calculations of the Italian scientist Giuseppe Colombo, put the spacecraft into an orbit that repeatedly brought it back to Mercury. Mariner 10 used the solar radiation pressure on its solar panels and its high-gain antenna as a means of attitude control during flight, the first spacecraft to use active solar pressure control. The components on Mariner 10 can be categorized into four groups based on their common function. The solar panels, power subsystem, attitude control subsystem, and the computer kept the spacecraft operating properly during the flight. The navigational system, including the hydrazine rocket, would keep Mariner 10 on track to Venus and Mercury. Several scientific instruments would collect data at the two planets. Finally, the antennas would transmit this data to the Deep Space Network back on Earth, as well as receive commands from Mission Control. Mariner 10's various components and scientific instruments were attached to a central hub, which was roughly the shape of an octagonal prism. The hub stored the spacecraft's internal electronics. The Mariner 10 spacecraft was manufactured by Boeing. NASA set a strict limit of US$98 million for Mariner 10's total cost, which marked the first time the agency subjected a mission to an inflexible budget constraint. No overruns would be tolerated, so mission planners carefully considered cost efficiency when designing the spacecraft's instruments. Cost control was primarily accomplished by executing contract work closer to the launch date than was recommended by normal mission schedules, as reducing the length of available work time increased cost efficiency. Despite the rushed schedule, very few deadlines were missed. The mission ended up about US$1 million under budget.
AA Aa
Size
1.60 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
0.010 %
O objetivo é alcançar resultados de qualidade através de várias missões pequenas, usando menos recursos e menos tempo. Os objetos do programa são por conseguinte variados, explorando os planetas, suas luas e pequenos corpos como cometas e asteroides. Cada experimento individual é coordenado por um investigador principal, que desenvolve os objetivos científicos e os instrumentos necessários. O IP é responsável por assegurar que o custo, cronograma e os objetivos de desempenho sejam cumpridos. O programa procura manter um alto desempenho a baixo custo, no máximo 425 milhões de dólares. Nisto deve ser incluído o custo de toda a missão: concepção, desenvolvimento, veículos de lançamento, instrumentos e aparelhos espaciais, lançamento, operações de missão, análise de dados, educação e divulgação pública. O tempo de desenvolvimento da missão do começo ao lançamento pode ser no máximo 36 meses, lançando-se em tese uma missão a cada 12 a 24 meses. Discovery já lançou várias sondas, entre elas a NEAR Shoemaker, a Lunar Prospector, o Mars Pathfinder, a Deep Impact, a Stardust (sonda espacial) e a Genesis (sonda espacial). Ainda estão em andamento as missões Messenger, Dawn e Kepler. O Mars Pathfinder, mais tarde rebatizado como Carl Sagan Memorial Station, foi lançado no dia 4 de dezembro de 1996, apenas um mês após o lançamento do Mars Global Surveyor. A bordo do lander (aterrissador) seguia um pequeno rover (veículo explorador) chamado Sojourner, que executou muitas experiências na superfície marciana. Foi o segundo projeto do Programa Discovery. Esta missão foi a mais importante desde o programa Viking, e também a primeira missão bem-sucedida a enviar um rover a outro planeta. Para além dos objetivos científicos, a missão Mars Pathfinder foi também um teste para várias novas tecnologias, tais como o airbag para pouso e o contorno automatizado de obstáculos, ambos mais tarde aproveitados pelo Mars Exploration Rover.
AA Aa
Size
2.90 vw
Leading
1.25
Tracking
-0.010 %
O Telescópio Espacial Hubble é um telescópio que foi levado para uma órbita baixa por um ônibus espacial em abril de 1990. Recebeu seu nome em honra ao astrônomo Edwin Hubble. Apesar de não ser o primeiro telescópio espacial, o Hubble é um dos maiores e mais versáteis, e é conhecido ao mesmo tempo como uma ferramenta fundamental de pesquisa e como uma espécie de relações públicas para a divulgação da astronomia. O Hubble foi construído pela NASA e é um dos grandes observatórios espaciais, juntamente com o Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, o Chandra X-ray Observatory e o Spitzer Space Telescope. O Hubble foi criado com um orçamento relativamente baixo de 2 bilhões de dólares e tem funcionado desde 1990, encantando cientistas e o público. Algumas de suas imagens, obtidas com o inovador Hubble Deep Field, tornaram-se famosas. A sonda Magellan, enviada ao planeta Vênus, foi a primeira das três sondas de espaço profundo a ser lançada no Space Shuttle e a primeira nave espacial a utilizar técnicas de aerofrenagem para reduzir a sua órbita. A Magellan criou o primeiro (e atualmente o melhor) mapeamento em alta resolução com radar da superfície do planeta, equiparando-se a outros mapeamentos planetários em fotografia convencional. Missões anteriores para Vênus tinham produzido imagens de baixa resolução, identificando somente formações de dimensões continentais.
AA Aa
Size
8 vw
Leading
0.95
Tracking
-0.040 %
Rosetta
Voyager 2
AA Aa
Size
1.80 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
0.000 %
Die Columbia, der erste raumflugfähige Orbiter, wurde im März 1979 an die NASA ausgeliefert. Anschließend wurde die Raumfähre ins Kennedy Space Center überführt, um dort auf ihre erste Mission vorbereitet zu werden. Im November 1980 wurde die Columbia mit dem Außentank verbunden und einen Monat später zur Startrampe gefahren. Nach mehreren Startverschiebungen fand am 12. April 1981 der Start des ersten wiederverwendbaren Raumfahrzeuges der Welt statt. Ziel des ersten Fluges war es lediglich, die Columbia sicher in die Umlaufbahn und wieder zurück zu bringen. Der Flug dauerte insgesamt etwas über zwei Tage und endete mit einer Landung auf der Edwards Air Force Base in Kalifornien. Der Erstflug gilt bis heute als technische Meisterleistung, denn es war das erste Mal in der Geschichte der Raumfahrt, dass ein Trägersystem bei seinem Jungfernflug bemannt war. Die folgenden drei Flüge, die alle mit der Raumfähre Columbia durchgeführt wurden, dienten der Erprobung aller Systeme des Shuttle. Danach wurde das System als einsatzfähig erklärt. In den darauf folgenden 21 Missionen, die bis Januar 1986 durchgeführt wurden, stand der Satellitentransport im Vordergrund. Außerdem fanden einige rein wissenschaftliche Flüge statt, bevor es zum Challenger-Unglück kam. Am 28. Januar 1986 hob die Raumfähre Challenger bei einer ungewöhnlich niedrigen Außentemperatur von 2 °C zur Mission STS-51-L ab. Die NASA hatte sich für den Start entschieden, obwohl Ingenieure des Booster-Herstellers Morton Thiokol, vor allem Roger Boisjoly, vor einem Start bei Temperaturen unter 12 °C eindringlich gewarnt hatten. Das Management von Thiokol überstimmte jedoch schließlich seine Ingenieure und gab seinem wichtigsten Kunden NASA offiziell die Startfreigabe. Wenige Sekunden nach dem Start versagte tatsächlich ein Dichtungs-O-Ring der rechten Feststoffrakete, und durch das entstandene Leck trat heißes Verbrennungsgas an einer Seite des Boosters aus. Die Flamme traf auf den Außentank und die Befestigung der Feststoffrakete, wodurch die Tankhülle zerstört wurde. Der Tank explodierte 73 Sekunden nach dem Start in 15 Kilometern Höhe, worauf das Shuttle durch die enormen aerodynamischen Kräfte zerstört wurde. Die sieben Astronauten überlebten das wahrscheinlich, starben aber spätestens beim Aufschlagen der Cockpitsektion auf die Wasseroberfläche des Atlantiks.
AA Aa
Size
1.60 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
-0.005 %
Dzięki wykorzystaniu manewrów asysty grawitacyjnej podczas mijania planet, czas przelotu do Neptuna lub Plutona zostałby przy tym skrócony o około 20 lat w stosunku do lotu bezpośredniego. NASA początkowo planowała zrealizować projekt Grand Tour (Wielka Wyprawa), który przewidywał skonstruowanie czterech sond. Pierwsze dwie sondy wystrzelone w 1977 roku przeleciałyby kolejno obok Jowisza, Saturna i Plutona. Druga para sond wystrzelona w 1979 roku zbliżyłaby się do Jowisza, Urana i Neptuna. Jednak koszt takiej misji, wynoszący około miliarda dolarów, przerósł ówczesne możliwości NASA. Nie zaniechano jednak badania zewnętrznych planet. Skromniejszy program zaczęto realizować w 1972 roku. Początkowo miał on być kontynuacją programu Mariner (loty 11 i 12, określane też jako program Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977). W marcu 1977 roku nazwę zmieniono na program Voyager. Celem misji miał być Jowisz i Saturn, jednak zachowano możliwość skierowania jednej z sond do wszystkich czterech planet olbrzymów. Sondy zostały zbudowane w Jet Propulsion Laboratory w Pasadenie. Do każdej z nich został dołączony Voyager Golden Record, na którym zapisane są pozdrowienia wypowiadane w 55 językach, muzyka oraz dźwięki i obrazy przedstawiające różnorodność życia i kultury na Ziemi.
AA Aa
Size
6 vw
Leading
1.00
Tracking
-0.015 %
Construction began on Columbia in 1975 at Rockwell International's principal assembly facility in Palmdale, California, a suburb of Los Angeles
AA Aa
Size
1.90 vw
Leading
1.35
Tracking
0.000 %
Columbia was named after the American sloop Columbia Rediviva which, from 1787 to 1793, under the command of Captain Robert Gray, explored the US Pacific Northwest and became the first American vessel to circumnavigate the globe. It is also named after the command module of Apollo 11, the first crewed landing on another celestial body. Columbia was also the female symbol of the United States. After construction, the orbiter arrived at Kennedy Space Center on March 25, 1979, to prepare for its first launch. Columbia was originally scheduled to lift off in late 1979, however the launch date was delayed by problems with both the RS-25 engine, as well as the thermal protection system. The first flight of Columbia was commanded by John Young, a veteran from the Gemini and Apollo programs who was the ninth person to walk on the Moon in 1972, and piloted by Robert Crippen, a rookie astronaut originally selected to fly on the military's Manned Orbital Laboratory spacecraft, but transferred to NASA after its cancellation, and served as a support crew member for the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz missions. Columbia spent 610 days in the Orbiter Processing Facility, another 35 days in the Vehicle Assembly Building, and 105 days on Pad 39A before finally lifting off. It was successfully launched on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of the first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and returned on April 14, 1981, after orbiting the Earth 36 times, landing on the dry lakebed runway at Edwards Air Force Base in California. It then undertook three further research missions to test its technical characteristics and performance. Its first operational mission, with a four-man crew, launched on November 11, 1982. At this point Columbia was joined by Challenger, which flew the next three shuttle missions, while Columbia underwent modifications for the first Spacelab mission. In 1983, Columbia, under the command of John Young on what was his sixth spaceflight, undertook its second operational mission, in which the Spacelab science laboratory and a six-person crew was carried, including the first non-American astronaut on a space shuttle, Ulf Merbold. After the flight, it spent 18 months at the Rockwell Palmdale facility beginning in January 1984, undergoing modifications that removed the Orbiter Flight Test hardware and updating it to similar specifications as those of its sister orbiters.
AA Aa
Size
1.50 vw
Leading
1.40
Tracking
0.000 %
Sonda odstartovala 3. listopadu 1973 z Cape Canaveral na Floridě směrem k Venuši. Během prvního týdne letu Mariner 10 ověřil funkci své kamery získáním 5 snímků Země a 6 snímků Měsíce. Byly tak získány fotografie severní polární oblasti Měsíce, kde bylo dřívější zmapování velmi skromné. Kartografové tak mohli zaktualizovat měsíční mapy a zlepšilo se tak zmapování Měsíce. První korekce dráhy proběhla 13. listopadu 1973. Při jejím průběhu ztratila sonda orientaci. Čidlo zajišťující správnou orientaci se zaměřilo místo na hvězdu Canopus na světlo, které vycházelo z trysek motoru. Program řídící let automaticky znovu orientační hvězdu nalezl, ale tento problém se zaměřením se opakoval po celou misi. Palubní počítač se také občas restartoval, což vždy přenastavilo palubní hodiny a subsystémy sondy. Během části letu k Venuši nastaly také pravidelné problémy s vysokovýkonnou anténou. V lednu 1974 provedl Mariner 10 pozorování komety Kohoutek v ultrafialovém spektru. Další úprava dráhy proběhla 21. ledna 1974. Při průletu kolem Venuše sonda fotografovala v ultrafialovém spektru oblaka Venuše (vyslala 2400 snímků) a provedla další zkoumání atmosféry a potom zamířila k Merkuru. První přiblížení k této planetě nastalo 29. března 1974 ve 20:47 UT na vzdálenost 703 kilometrů. Po obletu sondy kolem Slunce (Merkur za tuto dobu dokončil dva oběhy) se sonda 21. října 1974 znovu přiblížila k planetě a to na vzdálenost 48 069 km. Třetí a poslední přiblížení k Merkuru nastalo 16. března 1975 na vzdálenost 327 km.
AA Aa
Size
3.60 vw
Leading
1.15
Tracking
-0.015 %
Mariner 10 was the first spacecraft to make use of an interplanetary gravitational slingshot maneuver, using Venus to bend its flight path and bring its perihelion down to the level of Mercury's orbit. This maneuver, inspired by the orbital mechanics calculations of the Italian scientist Giuseppe Colombo, put the spacecraft into an orbit that repeatedly brought it back to Mercury. Mariner 10 used the solar radiation pressure on its solar panels and its high-gain antenna as a means of attitude control during flight, the first spacecraft to use active solar pressure control. The components on Mariner 10 can be categorized into four groups based on their common function. The solar panels, power subsystem, attitude control subsystem, and the computer kept the spacecraft operating properly during the flight. The navigational system, including the hydrazine rocket, would keep Mariner 10 on track to Venus and Mercury. Several scientific instruments would collect data at the two planets. Finally, the antennas would transmit this data to the Deep Space Network back on Earth, as well as receive commands from Mission Control. Mariner 10's various components and scientific instruments were attached to a central hub, which was roughly the shape of an octagonal prism. The hub stored the spacecraft's internal electronics. The Mariner 10 spacecraft was manufactured by Boeing. NASA set a strict limit of US$98 million for Mariner 10's total cost, which marked the first time the agency subjected a mission to an inflexible budget constraint. No overruns would be tolerated, so mission planners carefully considered cost efficiency when designing the spacecraft's instruments. Cost control was primarily accomplished by executing contract work closer to the launch date than was recommended by normal mission schedules, as reducing the length of available work time increased cost efficiency. Despite the rushed schedule, very few deadlines were missed. The mission ended up about US$1 million under budget.

FK Grotesk represents a rigid typeface with a mechanical appearance, suitable for both small text and large headlines. Subtle ink traps and sharp corners provide distinctive and eye-catching detail at large point sizes.

The first version of FK Grotesk dates back to 2014. The typeface was persistently tested in various projects since then, and in 2018 eventually released as a first-ever FK typeface. Completely redrawn in 2021, it now ranges from thin to black weight and corresponding italic, semi-mono and mono styles (also available as a three-axis variable font).

FK Grotesk supports Latin Extended-A character set (i.e. Western European, Central European and Southeastern European languages) as well as Vietnamese language and several OpenType features. For complete specs see typeface specimen.

FK Grotesk 2.0 is still available upon request. Please, get in touch.

FK Grotesk Specimen
PDF (489 KB)
  • Designer

    Květoslav Bartoš

  • Publisher

    Florian Karsten Typefaces

  • Release date

    January 2018

  • Version

    3.2.4 (April 2022)

  • Formats

    Static (OTF, TTF, WOFF, WOFF2), Variable (TTF, WOFF, WOFF2)

  • Glyphs

    972

  • OpenType features

    Standard Ligatures, Case Sensitive Forms, Fractions, Numerators, Denominators, Scientific Inferiors, Superscript, Subscript, Oldstyle Figures, Lining Figures, Proportional Figures, Tabular Figures, Slashed Zero, Stylistic Sets (SS01–SS08)

  • Language support

    Afrikaans, Albanian, Asturian, Azerbaijani, Basque, Bemba, Bosnian, Breton, Catalan, Cornish, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Fijian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Frisian, Friulian, Galician, Ganda, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Kinyarwanda, Klingon, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Makhuwa, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Romansh, Sango, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Shona, Slovak, Slovenian, Somali, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Swiss German, Turkish, Uzbek, Vietnamese, Welsh, Zarma, Zulu

  • Licensing

    A basic license purchased via this website combines desktop and web license and covers installation on a given number of workstations within one organisation and allows you to self-host webfont files for a single domain with no time limitation for a given number of unique visitors per month. For more information about other licensing options, please check FAQ or get in touch.

Buy FK Grotesk

Basic desktop + web license (up to 3 CPU, single domain up to 10k visitors/month)
For more information about other licensing options please check FAQ or get in touch.

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